Root canal treatment is a procedure that involves cleaning and treating the damaged pulp inside a tooth due to infection, decay, or injury. It aims to save the tooth and maintain overall oral health. Root canal treatment is performed when there is tooth decay reaching the pulp, dental trauma causing pulp damage, decay affecting the pulp under a large filling, root canal infection, or inflammation in the surrounding bone. However, it may not be possible in certain cases where the tooth's root structure is severely weakened, the surrounding bone is not strong enough to support the tooth, the pulp infection is uncontrollable, or there are repeated infections despite previous treatments. The procedure is typically done under anesthesia, and there might be mild post-treatment discomfort that usually subsides with time. It is important to differentiate root canal treatment from dental filling, as the former involves treating the inner pulp, preventing the need for tooth extraction, and is performed inside the tooth, while the latter deals with cleaning and filling the outer part of the tooth to restore its shape and function. Individual evaluation by a dentist is essential for an appropriate treatment plan.